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The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amin…

The detection of RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS by selective PCR amplification of restriction fragments derived from genomic DNA followed …

Procedures, such as TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES; mathematical models; etc., when used or advocated for use in place of the use of animals in research o…

Alternatives to the use of animals in research, testing, and education. The alternatives may include reduction in the number of animals used, replace…

The in vitro fusion of GENES by RECOMBINANT DNA techniques to analyze protein behavior or GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, or to merge protein functions f…

Postmortem examination of the body.

Methods for cultivation of cells, usually on a large-scale, in a closed system for the purpose of producing cells or cellular products to harvest.

A material transfer technique used for assembling biological material or cells into a prescribed organization to create functional structures such as…

Removal and pathologic examination of specimens from the living body.

Using fine needles (finer than 22-gauge) to remove tissue or fluid specimens from the living body for examination in the pathology laboratory and for…

The use of needles usually larger than 14-gauge to remove tissue samples large enough to retain cellular architecture for pathology examination.

Removal and examination of tissue obtained through a transdermal needle inserted into the specific region, organ, or tissue being analyzed.

Incorporation of biotinyl groups into molecules.

A molecular probe technique that utilizes branched DNA (bDNA) as a means to amplify the hybridization signal. One end of the bDNA molecule is designe…

Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmon…

The encapsulation of cells into semi-permeable microcapsules or MICROSPHERES that permits protection of encapsulated cells and allows passage of esse…

Methods and techniques used to modify or select cells and develop conditions for growing cells for biosynthetic production of molecules (METABOLIC EN…

Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.

Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.

Techniques used to characterize and confirm the identity of a CELL LINE. Characterization involves authentication to verify that it matches the origi…

Techniques utilizing cells that express RECOMBINANT FUSION PROTEINS engineered to translocate through the CELL MEMBRANE and remain attached to the ou…

Space-oriented dynamic modeling ALGORITHMS acting in an array of cells, whose temporal states evolve based on the rules (algorithms) of the automata.…

Procedures used for the induction of CELLULAR REPROGRAMMING to change the terminal phenotype of a cell, such as the generation of INDUCED PLURIPOTENT…

Primarily a pathological, laboratory or structured observational finding rather than a disease entity.

The use of engineered small molecules to manipulate the activity of specific cells within living organisms, typically. Chemogenetic techniques are of…

A technique for identifying specific DNA sequences that are bound, in vivo, to proteins of interest. It involves formaldehyde fixation of CHROMATIN t…

A technique for identifying the BINDING SITES on nucleic acid sequences that are associated with binding proteins.

A technique for causing a targeted loss of molecular function from REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES that are formed by the illumination of dyes placed in the …

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, …