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Three-dimensional protein structural elements that are composed of a combination of secondary structures. They include HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIFS and ZI…

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importa…

A reaction that introduces an aminoacyl group to a molecule. TRANSFER RNA AMINOACYLATION is the first step in GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Nonsusceptibility of a microbe to the action of ampicillin, a penicillin derivative that interferes with cell wall synthesis.

A process facilitated by specialized bacteria (PLANCTOMYCETES) involving the oxidation of ammonia to gaseous nitrogen by using nitrite as the electro…

The oxygen consumption level above which aerobic energy production is supplemented by anaerobic mechanisms during exercise, resulting in a sustained …

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury…

The phase of cell nucleus division following METAPHASE, in which the CHROMATIDS separate and migrate to opposite poles of the spindle.

Peculiarities associated with the internal structure, form, topology, or architecture of organisms that distinguishes them from others of the same sp…

An endocrine state in men, characterized by a significant decline in the production of TESTOSTERONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and other hormones such …

A state of sexual inactivity in female animals exhibiting no ESTROUS CYCLE. Causes of anestrus include pregnancy, presence of offspring, season, stre…

The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fr…

Formation of new blood vessels, which is controlled by chemical signals in the body, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF). This process …

Foodstuff used especially for domestic and laboratory animals, or livestock.

Nutritional physiology of animals.

A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be wit…

Protein motif that contains a 33-amino acid long sequence that often occurs in tandem arrays. This repeating sequence of 33-amino acids was discovere…

APOPTOSIS triggered by loss of contact with the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.

Environmental alterations resulting from human activities.

A natural association between organisms that is detrimental to at least one of them. This often refers to the production of chemicals by one microorg…

A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit betw…

The phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of ANTIBODIES. It enables the IMMUNE SYSTEM to react specifically against the essentially unlimi…

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical com…

The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must pos…

Enhancement of viral infectivity caused by non-neutralizing antibodies. There are at least two mechanisms known to account for this: mediation by Fc …

The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the rib…

The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some ant…

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

Changes in the ANTIGEN population by slow and minor (antigenic drift) or sudden and major mutations (antigenic shift). Accumulation of minor mutation…